《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》2014年第1期 summary·英文提要·-凯发官网入口

　　xu hua every country has its own image symbol. for today’s russia, leader’s image has become an indispensable part of national image. under russian authoritative political system, the fortune of state and nation is in hands of certain authoritative person, state governance has distinctive personal touch and formed personalized character of russia’s image. putin’s idea on governance manipulates russian development. this has the outside world believed that putin is russia. the personal autocracy is russian cultural heritage. but it is a hindering factor for russia’s modernization. russian future depends on if putin and his successor can rightly use authority and power, prevent from abusing them, fight against corruption and promote political modernization.

　　meng xiangjuan the exclusive right of woks is an important innovation in civil code. generally, the concept of exclusive rights in intellectual property law is a comprehensive and broad. it includes property rights and personal rights. however, the "civil code of the russian federation" narrowed it to the exclusive right property only, it was clearly and specifically characterized as property rights, and the author's exclusive rights was achieved through the use of work. russian legislation cites variety of ways to use the works by non-closed citing. this legislation mode has the certain revelation for china’s amendment of the 凯发官网入口 copyright law.

　　sun chao as a small central asian country，tajikistan’s development is full of twists and turns.in this country, in which islam is national and clan politics is prominent, national construction faces challenges.civil war in independent tajikistan released enormous energy, weakened the authority of the country.complex crisscross of national construction, the islamic revival movement and clan politics gave shock to direction and process of social transformation of tajikistan.

　　liu huaqin this article uses both empirical analysis and investigation and survey of sco economically and makes comprehensive assessment to regional legal and institutional building, economic development, trade, investment and investment facility for past ten year within sco framework. author believes that regional cooperation has achieved great results. the paper analyzes internal and external challenges in future regional cooperation that sco faces and tables some approaches and general concepts for promoting of regional cooperation.

　　gao jixiang russian city construction began from tsarist russian expansion. soviet industrialization sped up the progress of urbanization. for the past 20 years since the disintegration of the soviet union, although the urbanization still was in slow progress, urbanization with characteristics of migration from countryside to city has reached at its ending period and suburbanization began to take shape. urbanization, was carried by industrialization, brought many problems. population and resources moving to center-city have made city network still loose, uneven development of cities was deteriorated . generally speaking, development of city of contemporary russia will mainly relies on size effect.

　　li qi since 2011 the relation between tajikistan and uzbekistan has deteriorated. both countries lacks of mutual trust and has difference in cognization. the policy, carried out by both countries, of selectively “opposite countries” intensified interest conflict of two countries and hindered harmonious development. dit’s impossible to solve structural contradictions and strategic mutual doubt between two countries for short period.

　　zhang shengfa both russia and germany has “black” chapters in their history. each country has its own black chapter(s), respectively, while they also have some “common” chapters. the former concerns with country’s social development. the latter created grave geopolitical consequences. however, russia (including the soviet union) and germany have very different attitudes toward the black chapters after the wwii. the soviet union has kept them dark for a long time, while germans criticized hitler, the leader of the third reich. both countries has very heat quarrel on some issues of the wwii as well. the author believes that different attitude to history originated from different social systems, values and national characters.

　　teng ren the land department of chinese eastern railway was an important institution in charge of running the railway zone. it was main executive department of tsarist russia for its expansion and colonization of china‘s north-east. its existence seriously injured china’s sovereignty and territory integrity. in 1923, fengtian clique, one of the republic of china’ warlord, took control of the land department of cer and created eastern province special district to administer cer zone, de jure abolished the land department of cer . however russian didn’t want to give in. some foreign governments, including usa, british, french and japanese ones, made pressure to china for this also. finally, after more than one year struggle, through diplomatic, military and political activities by central government and fentian clique, cer zone was taken back by fentian clique, which was hold by russian for more than 30 years. this struggle foreshadowed the future conflict between fengtian clique of the republic of china’s worlord and the soviet union.